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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Induktive logische Programmierung</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Induktive logische Programmierung</b> (<i>ILP</i>) ist ein Bereich des <a href="Maschinelles_Lernen" title="Maschinelles Lernen">maschinellen Lernens</a>, in dem Verfahren zur automatischen Erstellung von <a href="Logische_Programmierung" title="Logische Programmierung">logischen Programmen</a> aus Beispielen untersucht werden. Damit ähneln ILP-Verfahren der allgemeinen <a href="Induktion_(Philosophie)" title="Induktion (Philosophie)">Induktion beim Denken</a>. Der Begriff wurde 1991 in einem Artikel von Stephen Muggleton eingeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Gegensatz zu anderen <a href="Maschinelles_Lernen#Repräsentation_des_Wissens" title="Maschinelles Lernen">symbolischen</a> Lernverfahren wie <a href="Iterative_Dichotomiser_3" title="Iterative Dichotomiser 3">ID3</a> und <a href="C4.5" title="C4.5">C4.5</a>, deren Repräsentationsformat auf <a href="Aussagenlogik" title="Aussagenlogik">Aussagenlogik</a> beschränkt ist, benutzen ILP-Verfahren eingeschränkte Formen der <a href="Pr%C3%A4dikatenlogik" title="Prädikatenlogik">Prädikatenlogik</a> als Repräsentationsformat für Beispiele, <a href="Hintergrundwissen" title="Hintergrundwissen">Hintergrundwissen</a> und Hypothesen.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problemstellung">Problemstellung</h2></div>
<p>In der normalen Problemstellung für ILP-Systeme sind Beispiele und ein Hintergrundwissen vorgegeben und das System versucht eine Theorie zu finden, die mit dem Hintergrundwissen die Beispiele korrekt herleitet. Das Hintergrundwissen <i>B</i> wird im Allgemeinen als Menge von <a href="Disjunktionsterm" title="Disjunktionsterm">Klauseln</a> repräsentiert; die Beispiele <i>e</i> sind variablenfreie <a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atome</a>. Dabei können positive, das heißt wahre, und negative, also falsche, Beispiele unterschieden werden. Die zu erstellende Theorie <i>S</i> ist eine Menge von Klauseln, die vereinigt mit <i>B</i> die Beispiele korrekt ableitet:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\cup B\models e}">
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<mi>S</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\cup B\models e}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/482ae1aa56c08e5d4218e11103ec5878db6ed640.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.234ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\cup B\models e}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle positiven Beispiele e
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\cup B\not \models e}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\cup B\not \models e}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7beab4cd106fdac3a7e3fe1b0ce836854d8af670.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.64ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\cup B\not \models e}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle negativen Beispiele e
</p><p>Daneben gibt es die sogenannte <i>Nichtmonotone Problemstellung</i>, die der Problemstellung des <a href="Data-Mining" title="Data-Mining">Data-Mining</a> entspricht. Dabei ist eine Menge von <a href="Interpretation_(Logik)" title="Interpretation (Logik)">Interpretationen</a> gegeben und das Lernziel ist es, eine Klauselmenge zu finden, die in jeder Interpretation wahr ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methoden">Methoden</h2></div>
<p>Die meisten ILP-Algorithmen induzieren die gesuchte Theorie, indem sie mit einer, eventuell leeren, Theorie beginnen und iterativ neue Klauseln hinzufügen. Positive Beispiele, die von einer neu hinzugefügten Klausel hergeleitet werden, können dann entfernt werden. Der Algorithmus terminiert, wenn alle positiven Beispiele entfernt wurden oder wenn ein anderes Kriterium erfüllt ist, etwa wenn die Beispiele nicht weiter durch neue Klauseln komprimiert werden können. Dieser <a href="Greedy-Algorithmus" title="Greedy-Algorithmus">Greedy-Algorithmus</a> ist als <i>Cover Set</i>- oder <i>Sequential Covering</i>-Algorithmus bekannt.
</p><p>Es gibt verschiedene Algorithmen, welche gute Klauseln, die zur Theorie hinzugefügt werden können, finden. Dabei lassen sich grob <i>Top-Down</i>- und <i>Bottom-Up</i>-Ansätze unterscheiden. In ersteren wird die Menge der Klauseln ausgehend von einer sehr allgemeinen Klausel durchsucht, im zweiten werden Klauseln direkt aus Beispielen generiert. Ein bekanntes Top-Down-System ist FOIL; ein bekanntes Beispiel für Bottom-Up-Systeme ist Golem. Systeme wie <a href="Progol" title="Progol">Progol</a>, CHILLIN und ProGolem kombinieren beide Ansätze.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konferenzen">Konferenzen</h2></div>
<p>Seit 1991 findet jedes Jahr eine Konferenz zum Thema statt.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC">
<th>Jahr</th>
<th>Datum</th>
<th>Ort</th>
<th>Vorsitz
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2022" title="2022">2022</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>September 28-30
</td>
<td><a href="Windsor_Great_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>, <a href="Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich">Großbritannien</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2021" title="2021">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>Oktober 25-27
</td>
<td>Virtuell
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2019" title="2019">2019</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>September 3-5
</td>
<td><a href="Plowdiw" title="Plowdiw">Plowdiw</a>, <a href="Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien">Bulgarien</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2018" title="2018">2018</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>September 2-4
</td>
<td><a href="Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2017" title="2017">2017</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>September 4-6
</td>
<td><a href="Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orleáns</a>, <a href="Frankreich" title="Frankreich">Frankreich</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2016" title="2016">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>September 4-6
</td>
<td><a href="London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich">Großbritannien</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2015" title="2015">2015</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>August 20-22
</td>
<td><a href="Ky%C5%8Dto" title="Kyōto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="2014" title="2014">2014</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>September 14-16
</td>
<td><a href="Nancy" title="Nancy">Nancy</a>, <a href="Frankreich" title="Frankreich">Frankreich</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilp13.cos.ufrj.br/">2013</a></td>
<td>August 28-30</td>
<td><a href="Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ida.felk.cvut.cz/ilp2012/">2012</a></td>
<td>September 17-19</td>
<td><a href="Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="Kroatien" title="Kroatien">Kroatien</a></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilp11.doc.ic.ac.uk/">2011</a></td>
<td>31st July - 3rd August</td>
<td>Windsor Great Park, <a href="Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich">Großbritannien</a></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilp2010.dsi.unifi.it/">2010</a></td>
<td>June 27-30</td>
<td><a href="Florenz" title="Florenz">Florenz</a>, <a href="Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~dtai/ilp-mlg-srl/index.php">2009</a></td>
<td>July 2-5</td>
<td><a href="Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="Belgien" title="Belgien">Belgien</a>, <a href="Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a></td>
<td>Hendrik Blockeel, Luc De Raedt
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ida.felk.cvut.cz/ilp2008/">2008</a></td>
<td>September 10-12</td>
<td><a href="Prag" title="Prag">Prag</a>, <a href="Tschechien" title="Tschechien">Tschechien</a>, Czech Technical University</td>
<td>Filip Zelezny, <a href="Nada_Lavra%C4%8D" title="Nada Lavrač">Nada Lavrač</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/conferences/ilp2007/">2007</a></td>
<td>June 19-21</td>
<td><a href="Corvallis%2C_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvallis, Oregon">Corvallis</a>, <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a>, <a href="Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a></td>
<td>Jude Shavlik, Hendrik Blockeel, Prasad Tadepalli
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilp06.doc.ic.ac.uk/">2006</a></td>
<td>August 24-27</td>
<td><a href="Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, <a href="Spanien" title="Spanien">Spanien</a></td>
<td>Stephen Muggleton, Ramon Otero
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilp2005.in.tum.de/">2005</a></td>
<td>August 10-13</td>
<td><a href="Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="Deutschland" title="Deutschland">Deutschland</a></td>
<td>Stephan Kramer, Bernhard Pfahringer
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilp.fe.up.pt/ilp/">2004</a></td>
<td>September 6-8</td>
<td><a href="Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td>
<td>Ashwin Srinivasan, Ross King
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/kutatas/konferenciak/ilp2003/">2003</a></td>
<td>September 29-October 1</td>
<td><a href="Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, <a href="Ungarn" title="Ungarn">Ungarn</a></td>
<td>Tamas Horváth, Akihiro Yamamoto
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~stan/ilp2002/">2002</a></td>
<td>July 9-11</td>
<td><a href="Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="Australien" title="Australien">Australien</a></td>
<td>Stan Matwin, Claude Sammut
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2001</td>
<td>September 9-11</td>
<td><a href="Stra%C3%9Fburg" title="Straßburg">Straßburg</a>, <a href="Frankreich" title="Frankreich">Frankreich</a></td>
<td>Céline Rouveirol, <a href="Mich%C3%A8le_Sebag" title="Michèle Sebag">Michèle Sebag</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/ILP-events/ILP-2000/">2000</a></td>
<td>July 24-27</td>
<td><a href="London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="England" title="England">England</a></td>
<td>James Cussens, Alan Frisch
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1999</td>
<td>June 24-27</td>
<td><a href="Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a>, <a href="Slowenien" title="Slowenien">Slowenien</a></td>
<td>Saso Dzeroski, Peter Flach
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~dpage/ilp98.html">1998</a></td>
<td>July 22-24</td>
<td><a href="Madison%2C_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>, <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a></td>
<td>C. David Page, Jr.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ai.ijs.si/SasoDzeroski/ilp97.html">1997</a></td>
<td>September 17-20</td>
<td><a href="Prag" title="Prag">Prag</a>, <a href="Tschechien" title="Tschechien">Tschechien</a></td>
<td>Nada Lavrac, Saso Dzeroski
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1996</td>
<td>August 26-28</td>
<td><a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="Schweden" title="Schweden">Schweden</a></td>
<td>Stephen Muggleton
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1995</td>
<td>September 4-6</td>
<td><a href="Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="Belgien" title="Belgien">Belgien</a></td>
<td>Luc De Raedt
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1994</td>
<td>September 12-14</td>
<td><a href="Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="Deutschland" title="Deutschland">Deutschland</a></td>
<td><a href="Stefan_Wrobel" title="Stefan Wrobel">Stefan Wrobel</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1993</td>
<td>April 1-3</td>
<td><a href="Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a>, <a href="Slowenien" title="Slowenien">Slowenien</a></td>
<td>Stephen Muggleton
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1992</td>
<td>June 6-7</td>
<td><a href="Tokio" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td>
<td>Stephen Muggleton
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1991</td>
<td>March 2-4</td>
<td><a href="Viana_do_Castelo" title="Viana do Castelo">Viana do Castelo</a>, <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td>
<td>Stephen Muggleton
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementierungen">Implementierungen</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Progol" title="Progol">Progol</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Golem (ILP)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Aleph<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>ProGolem<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Foil<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Claudien<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Lime<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>ACE<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>DMax<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Warmr<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>RSD<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Mio<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>DL-Learner<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Mobal<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Kepler<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Chillin<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Überblick"><span id=".C3.9Cberblick"></span>Überblick</h3></div>
<ul><li>H. Blockeel u.&nbsp;a.: <i>Scaling Up Inductive Logic Programming by Learning from Interpretations.</i> In: <i>Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery</i> 3, S. 59–93. Springer, 1999.</li>
<li>S.H. Muggleton and L. De Raedt. Inductive logic programming: Theory and methods. <i>Journal of Logic Programming</i>, 19,20:629-679, 1994.</li>
<li>S.H. Nienhuys-Cheng and R. de Wolf: <i>Foundations of Inductive Logic Programming. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (1228).</i> Springer, 1997.</li>
<li>Luc de Raedt: <i>Logical and Relational Learning.</i> Springer, 2008. ISBN 3540200401</li>
<li>Luc De Raedt et al. (Hrsg.): <i>Probabilistic Inductive Logic Programming.</i> (<i>Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence</i>, 4911). Springer, 2008.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algorithmen">Algorithmen</h3></div>
<ul><li>Ross Quinlan. Learning logical definitions from relations. Machine Learning, 5:239–266, 1990. <i>(beschreibt FOIL)</i></li>
<li>Stephen Muggleton. Inverse entailment and progol. New Generation Computing Journal, 13:245–286, 1995.</li>
<li>Stephen Muggleton and Cao Feng. Efficient induction in logic programs. In S. Muggleton, editor, Inductive Logic Programming, pages 281–298. Academic Press, 1992. <i>(beschreibt Golem)</i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ai.ijs.si/~ilpnet2/">ILP Network of Excellence</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.H. Muggleton. Inductive Logic Programming. <i>New Generation Computing</i>, 8(4):295-318, 1991.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">IJCLR 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijclr22.doc.ic.ac.uk/ilp2022.html/"><i>32st International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming · International Joint Conference on Learning &amp; Reasoning.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 1.&nbsp;Mai 2023</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AInduktive+logische+Programmierung&amp;rft.title=32st+International+Conference+on+Inductive+Logic+Programming+%26middot%3B+International+Joint+Conference+on+Learning+%26+Reasoning&amp;rft.description=32st+International+Conference+on+Inductive+Logic+Programming+%26middot%3B+International+Joint+Conference+on+Learning+%26+Reasoning&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fijclr22.doc.ic.ac.uk%2Filp2022.html%2F&amp;rft.creator=IJCLR+2022&amp;rft.language=en-us">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Software/progol5.0">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Software/progol5.0</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Software/golem">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/Software/golem</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/machlearn/Aleph/">http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/research/areas/machlearn/Aleph/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Muggleton u.&nbsp;a.: <i>ProGolem: A System Based on Relative Minimal Generalisation.</i> In: Luc de Raedt (Hrsg.): <i>Inductive Logic Programming, 19th International Conference.</i> Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin 2009. Seite 131–148.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/areas/learning/systems/foil/">http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/areas/learning/systems/foil/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611191846/http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~ml/CWIS/claudien-E.shtml">Claudien</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 11. Juni 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>); abgerufen am 4.&nbsp;März 2024.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020516195248/http://cs.anu.edu.au/people/Eric.McCreath/lime.html">Archivlink</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 16. Mai 2002 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>). Abgerufen am 4.&nbsp;April 2024.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/ACE/"><i>The ACE Datamining System.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 10.&nbsp;Mai 2025</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AInduktive+logische+Programmierung&amp;rft.title=The+ACE+Datamining+System&amp;rft.description=The+ACE+Datamining+System&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.kuleuven.ac.be%2F%7Edtai%2FACE%2F&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830031456/http://www.pharmadm.com/dmax.asp">Archivlink</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 30. August 2009 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607112634/http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~ml/Doc/TW_User/">Tilde und Warmr User Manual</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 7. Juni 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301162526/http://labe.felk.cvut.cz/~zelezny/rsd/">Archivlink</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 1. März 2007 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070421195136/http://kd.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/~pena/">Archivlink</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 21. April 2007 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dl-learner.org">http://dl-learner.org</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/learning/systems/mobal/0.html">http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/learning/systems/mobal/0.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aaai.org/Papers/KDD/1996/KDD96-035.pdf">https://www.aaai.org/Papers/KDD/1996/KDD96-035.pdf</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ml/chillin.html">http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ml/chillin.html</a></span>
</li>
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